pulmonary edema and covid vaccine

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels: a Clinical Perspective. doi:10.7554/eLife.59177, George, P. M., Wells, A. U., and Jenkins, R. G. (2020). Further studies may determine if CD44 inhibitors can be of use to in COVID-19. J. Appl. Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 36 (6), 420425. Available: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml (Accessed February 4, 2021). Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. 1480 (1), 73103. As Gabazza et al., (2004) reported, lung fibrosis is linked to decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP-5 in the lung. Chinese Medicine (TCMs), already widely used in China, may also be beneficial in addressing pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients (Zhang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020d). Infect. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. However, so far, no effective inhibitors have been developed against HAS2. Aspirin: Generic, Uses, Side Effects, Dosages, Interactions - RxList Open Forum Infect. Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. The Add-On Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Summary of potential TCM formulae against COVID-19. (1985) 93 (4), 15331541. Acta (Bba) - Biomembranes 1818 (7), 16821690. Sci. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Endothelin-1 Expression and Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. COVID-19: Evaluation and management of adults with - UpToDate 383, 23332344. Neurobiol. (2020). 1 (4), 100052. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100052, Shen, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, F., Yang, Y., Li, J., Yuan, J., et al. Fatal Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in We are grateful to all of the colleagues who have given critical comments on this work. Pharmacol. Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. Nat. 92 (9), 14231424. CDC/FDA announce pause in use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine after identification of 6 cases of CVST with thrombocytopenia. IFN will continually induce inflammatory cytokines released by alveolar macrophages, promoting the activation of T cells and forming a positive feedback loop that drives persistent alveolar inflammation (Grant et al., 2021). Atractylenolide-I, the active component of atractylodes, could minimize the formation of IL-6 and TNF- (Ji et al., 2014), inhibiting the generation of inflammatory cytokines causing inflammatory response, thus lowering the possibility of developing pulmonary edema. Coronavirus; Race and Medicine . 310 (10), L928L939. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783, Shi, N., Liu, B., Liang, N., Ma, Y., Ge, Y., Yi, H., et al. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC, Pickkers, P., Dormans, T. P. J., Russel, F. G. M., Hughes, A. D., Thien, T., Schaper, N., et al. PDF Updates on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) COVID-19 patients often have pathological features such as pulmonary interstitial or alveolar edema, diffuse tracheal phlegm thrombus and pulmonary inflammatory lymphoid infiltration, and are prone to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), causing lung injury (Cutts et al., 2017). doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.37040, Cui, M., Gosu, V., Basith, S., Hong, S., and Choi, S. (2016). In the meantime, we urgently need potent reduction in fatality of COVID-19. 1, 2 More recently, six cases of. Decreased Expression of Both the 1- and 2-subunits of the Na-K-ATPase Reduces Maximal Alveolar Epithelial Fluid Clearance. Res. Physiol. (2015). This buildup of fluid leads to shortness of breath. Extensive studies have been conducted to identify the antiviral and pulmonary edema reducing efficacy of natural compounds, some of which have already been tested specifically against SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2. Since pulmonary edema can be promoted by decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase (Woods et al., 2015), drugs or compounds which activate the sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase may be putative therapeutics. J. Investig. Lancet Respir. 288 (2), 192206. 2023 Feb 14;14:1080962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1080962. J. Respir. See this image and copyright information in PMC. 2023 Feb 13;11(2):435. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020435. (2020). The activation of -adrenergic receptor, especially 2 (Mutlu et al., 2004), was found to stimulate Na+ and fluid reabsorption. JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. Serum sodium shows a decrease trend in CODIV-19 development (Krolicka et al., 2020). Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. (2020). Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in an Adult after COVID-19 - PubMed (2020). COVID-19 Lung Damage | Johns Hopkins Medicine Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Physiol. Breathtaking TRP Channels: TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Airway Chemosensation and Reflex Control. Br. Res. Am. IL6 monoclonal antibody or tocilizumab was thought to work by interrupting inflammatory storm after the infection, but the latest clinical study published in NEJM showed that Tocilizumab was not effective in preventing intubation or death in mild hospitalized COVID-19 patients (Stone et al., 2020). Pharmacol. (2021). Diagn Pathol. The latest research revealed that alveolar macrophages, which normally play a protective role, may also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and release T cell chemokines, resulting large amounts of T cells gathering in lung and generating IFN. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Wang C, Xie J, Zhao L, Fei X, Zhang H, Tan Y, Nie X, Zhou L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liang L, Chen X, Liu X, Wang P, Han X, Weng X, Chen Y, Yu T, Zhang X, Cai J, Chen R, Shi ZL, Bian XW. COVID-19 Treatment and Diagnosis Guideline (7th version, trial) [Online]. COVID-19 Vaccine and Pulmonary Embolism: Is There a Link? - Healthline Furosemide, a NKCC inhibitor, has been acknowledged as first-line therapeutic drug for pulmonary edema all the time (Pickkers et al., 1997; Solymosi et al., 2013). 318 (4), L723L741. This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 97 (5), 543554. Theaflavin from black tea was found to present a lower binding energy when it docks in the catalytic pocket of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. Vaccination of Adults with Lung Disease Including Asthma | CDC doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.968256, Jiang, Y.-x., Dai, Z.-l., Zhang, X.-p., Zhao, W., Huang, Q., and Gao, L.-k. (2015). In COVID-19, lung manifestations present as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and microvascular thrombosis. Hyponatremia in Infectious Diseases-A Literature Review. Epub 2022 Oct 17. COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. Physiol. Crit. 276 (22), 1865718664. Na+/K+-ATPase and ion channels (sodium, potassium, AQPs, and TRPs) are all involved in the regulation of AFC. 160, 105073. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105073, Maronde, R. F., Milgrom, M., Vlachakis, N. D., and Chan, L. (1983). 308 (7), L628L638. Influenza Virus Inhibits Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channels in Respiratory Epithelia. Physiol. One day before symptom onset, he had received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. (1999). Moreover, the peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocyte of COVID-19 patients was also greatly improved, from 0.91 0.54 to 1.24 0.67 after being treated for a week, while there was no obvious change in control group (Hu et al., 2020). The general regulation approaches of AFC. Circ. 23 (5), 289301. (2020). et al., 2020). Repurposing Antimalarials and Other Drugs for COVID-19. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 may act in a similar way. J.I. 289 (1), L104L110. (2005). J. Med. 2, 26372646. Adipose-derived Exosomes Protect the Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting the TRPV4/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway. Med. Raising evidences suggest that the effect of kinins on bradykinin receptor triggers the inflammatory responses, which have been observed in patients with COVID-19. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712960, Deng, J., Wang, D.-x., Deng, W., Li, C.-y., Tong, J., and Ma, H. (2012). doi:10.1111/joim.13091, Passi, A., Negrini, D., Albertini, R., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). Cel Mol Biol 28 (3), 363372. COVID-19: The Potential Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated with As RAS plays an important role in PFC and AFC, astragaloside IV from Astragalus propinquus is able to protect kidney and respiratory by activating the ACE2-Ang-(17)-Mas pathway in RAS and improving ACE2, Ang-(17), Mas level (Wang et l., 2015; Qu, 2019). COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ | American Lung Association Treatment of Pulmonary Edema by ENaC Activators/Stimulators. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Clin. Most side effects are mild and normally last only a day or two. Am. doi:10.1002/jcp.28602, Otulakowski, G., Rafii, B., Bremner, H. R., and O'Brodovich, H. (1999). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is also a risk factor for severe COVID-19 which can be observed in the CT scans of COVID-19 patients (Xu et al., 2020; George et al., 2020). 157, 104820. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104820, Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J. a., Liu, H., et al. [Med. (2020b). Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30123-7, Zhang, D., Zhang, B., Lv, J.-T., Sa, R.-N., Zhang, X.-M., and Lin, Z.-J. (2020b). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Potentially, glucocorticoids can be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in ARDS and pulmonary edema as well as in COVID-19 patients. Am. Vaccine-induced interstitial lung disease: a rare reaction to COVID-19 (2004). JACC: Basic Translational Sci. Indeed, in several preclinical studies, selective TRPV4 inhibition showed efficacy in preventing or attenuating lung edema (Thorneloe et al., 2012). PMC Aquaporins in the Lung. Endocrinology in the Time of COVID-19: Management of Diabetes Insipidus and Hyponatraemia. Res. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Achanta, S., and Jordt, S. E. (2020). 2021 May 7;8:644678. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644678. Patients in intensive care units (ICU) have higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, MCP1, MIP1A, GSCF, IP10, and TNF (Huang et al., 2020). FIGURE 4. Nat. Ther. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839, Wittekindt, O. H., and Dietl, P. (2019). doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028836, Tang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Ji, J., and Wen, C. (2020). -, Ai J.-W., Zhang H.-C., Xu T., Wu J., Zhu M., Yu Y.-Q., et al. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). Lab. The TRP Ion Channel Family. Biochem. After getting vaccinated for COVID-19, you might experience some temporary symptoms similar to those you might notice when you get a flu shot, such as a sore, swollen arm where you got the shot. J. Med. Physiol. doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.03070, Ahmed, M. H., and Hassan, A. Epub 2023 Mar 31. Int. Frontiers | Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and TRP channels are nonspecific cationic channels located throughout the respiratory system (Clapham et al., 2001), where TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 are the most abundant TRP subtypes (Kaneko and Szallasi, 2014; Steinritz et al., 2018). Pulmonary Edema in COVID19-A Neural Hypothesis - PubMed Specific Pharmacology of Calcium in Myocardium, Cardiac Pacemakers, and Vascular Smooth Muscle. Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Arch. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.168724, Yin, J., Michalick, L., Tang, C., Tabuchi, A., Goldenberg, N., Dan, Q., et al. Am. Med. The -Agonist Lung Injury Trial (Balti). N. Engl. The structure of coronavirus (Figure 1 A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins.) Cryo-EM Structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the Prefusion Conformation. Cepharanthine: a Review of the Antiviral Potential of a Japanese-approved Alopecia Drug in COVID-19. Viruses 4 (4), 557580. Physiol. Reaffirms recommendation for Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. 50 (4), 113. The fluid transudes into and accumulates in the interstitium of lungs and finally alveolars from lung capillary, leading to severe disorder of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange (Staub, 1974). It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. The condition presents itself as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and alveolar edema (Xu et al., 2020; Wiersinga et al., 2020). He was medicated with methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg and diuretics and recovered rapidly. TALLAHASSEE, Fla. Florida Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo personally altered a state-driven study about Covid-19 vaccines last year to suggest that some doses pose a . TRPV4: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Respiratory Diseases. 11, 1708. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708, Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Gmez Romn, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al. Currently, only icatibant has been approved as bradykinin antagonist for clinical treatment, and relevant studies have revealed that cefepime, cefpirome, imatinib, raloxifene, sildenafil, ponatinib, abemaciclib and entrectinib may also act as prospective non-selective bradykinin antagonists and have potential for treatment of COVID-19 (Rasaeifar et al., 2020). doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.014, Hofer, C. C., Woods, P. S., and Davis, I. C. (2015). It has been reported that infection with a respiratory-associated virus can significantly increase the expression and activity of TRPV1 (Abdullah et al., 2014). Pharmacol. Optimizing Diagnostic Strategy for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, a Multi-center Study in Eastern China. Recombinant Human ACE2: Acing Out Angiotensin II in ARDS Therapy. Although NT-proBNP had an AUC of 0.89 in our patients with acute pulmonary edema, the study that reported an AUC of 0.96 did not include acute pulmonary edema or acute heart failure , and they excluded patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2, a group that constituted nearly half of our patients with hypertensive emergency. We argue for expeditious clinical testing of this inhibitor in COVID-19 patients with respiratory malfunction and at risk for lung edema. ), cell growth and death, as well as the degradation of damaged cells (Zhao et al., 2020). Notably, both vaccines have strong safety profiles, with the most common adverse events including injection site reactions, fever, chills, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint aches. Med. (2020a). Summary of potential natural compounds against COVID-19. Inhalation or infusion of salbutamol, a 2-adrenergic agonist, reduced the incidences of pulmonary edema (Sartori et al., 2002) and was found to be beneficial in ARDS patients (Perkins et al., 2006). Sci. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, therefore the efforts of scientists around the world are focused on finding the right treatment and vaccine for the novel disease. J. Respir. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. doi:10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8, Ai, J.-W., Zhang, H.-C., Xu, T., Wu, J., Zhu, M., Yu, Y.-Q., et al. Am. Am. Dexmedetomidine can upregulate AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS and thus induce pulmonary edema (Jiang et al., 2015). Large Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Sense Acute Changes in Oxygen Tension in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. 146 (6), 14541455. Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines and they are safe and effective at protecting against COVID-19. Proc. TABLE 3. 171 (10), 24742507. N.Y. Acad. Ann. Keywords: 4 doi:10.1152/ajplung.00285.2017, Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., et al. 16 (10), 17081717. CT images of COVID-19 patients revealed fluid and clear liquid jelly in their lungs, both closely linked to HA (Xu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Front Pharmacol. Sci. XC analyzed and reviewed the research articles as well as drafting the manuscript. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. COPD and asthma cause your airways to swell and become blocked with mucus, which can make it hard to breathe. Amiloride, a prototypic inhibitor of ENaC, might also have a potential in treating COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the constituent Ephedra can trigger bronchodilation, relieve breathing disorders and alleviate pulmonary edema (Zhang et al., 2018). People with pneumonia, lung cancer, or heart disease may experience chest pain or wheezing. 383 (19), 18131826. This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Am. Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. (2020). Santos JLF, Zanardi P, Alo V, Dos Santos V, Bovone L, Rodriguez M, Magdaleno F, De Langhe V, Villoldo A, Martinez Souvielle R, Alconcher J, Quiros D, Milicchio C, Garcia Saiz E. J Clin Med. However, among all current treatments mentioned above, little attention has been paid to the abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema, which is a key factor threatening patients lives. Amiloride. Liu Shen Capsule Shows Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Abilities against Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 via Suppression of NF-b Signaling Pathway. doi:10.1152/physiol.00026.2008, Birket, S. E., Chu, K. K., Houser, G. H., Liu, L., Fernandez, C. M., Solomon, G. M., et al. These cytokine storms can be treated with steroids, IL-1 antagonists, TNF inhibitors, and Janus kinase inhibitor (JAK) inhibitors (McCreary and Pogue, 2020). 192 (8), 37653777. Dis. Hemost. Am. (2020). With the presence of active basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, inhibition of the entry of apical Na+ can generate a concentration gradient inducing the uptake of basolateral Na+ with Cl by Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) and thus induce the apical secretion of Cl (Solymosi et al., 2013). (2020e). J. Biol. Original Article Antibody Responses to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccines in Men with Human . Am. Lung Cel Mol Physiol 282, L631L641. Among all vaccine recipients, 66.6% reported at least one systemic reaction in the 7 days after vaccination. These in turn, lead to severe lung damage in COVID-19 patients. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45538, Yang, Y., Shen, C., Li, J., Yuan, J., Yang, M., Wang, F., et al. Cmp 6 (1), 1327. FIGURE 6. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-Induced Viral Sepsis Simultaneously Show Immune Activation, Impaired Immune Function and a Procoagulatory Disease State. COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has a global reach. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. Circulation 37 (1), 4553. The secretion of alveolar fluid, caused by inhibiting Na+ entry, is sensitive to inhibition of CFTR, NKCC, or Na+-K+-ATPase (Solymosi et al., 2013), suggesting that CFTR, NKCC or Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitors may have potential in treating pulmonary edema caused by low expression of ENaC. Circ. Med. Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. 57 (3), 262265. JAMA 323 (16), 15821589. It has been shown that the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are closely related to abnormal metabolism of inorganic salts. Annu. Thus, promoting the degradation of HA may be significant in the recovery process. (2020a). (2020). Respir. Alternative Names Lung congestion; Lung water; Pulmonary congestion; Heart failure - pulmonary edema Causes Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00290.2014, Ji, G., Chen, R., and Zheng, J. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000125623.56442.20, Nayler, W., and Dillon, J. Are The Two Newly Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines Safe and Effective? The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, Abdullah, H., Heaney, L. G., Cosby, S. L., and McGarvey, L. P. A. "It is the macroscopic image of an old myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema under further laboratory investigation," medical examiner Nikos Kalogrias reportedly said on Wednesday. J. Infect. Circ. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (2020). COVID Vaccine Side Effects | Johns Hopkins Medicine Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules significantly affect virus morphology, inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication with the IC50 value of 411.2g/ml, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA level, and show anti-inflammatory effect in vitro (Runfeng et al., 2020). The first treatment for acute pulmonary edema is oxygen. Infection, pulmonary edema, lung cancer, aspiration, and pulmonary hemorrhage are some of the diseases that can cause consolidation. The activities of the molecules in RAS are ruled by dynamic changes responding to an injury. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Respir. Physiol. 274, L203L211. Tumor Necrosis Factor- Inhibits Aquaporin 5 Expression in Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells. Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). Moreover, as a retrospective multicenter cohort study reported, early treatment with Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction associated with better outcomes, faster recovery, and a shorter duration of hospital stay (Shi et al., 2020a). Ann. Lianhuaqingwen Exerts Anti-viral and Anti-inflammatory Activity against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Physiol. These channels are important in maintaining the optimum volume and ion constitution of bronchial periciliary fluid and alveolar lining fluid layers, which are necessary in appropriate pathogens mucociliary clearance and optimum gas exchange, respectively (Londino et al., 2017). Physiol. 39 (270), H2000H2007. The available adenoviral vaccines appear to stimulate autoantibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4), which . DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27408 Abstract Myocarditis is one of the complications reported with COVID-19 vaccines, particularly both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). Sodium transport is the main ion transport involved in the AFC. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5, Xu, Y.-H., Dong, J.-H., An, W.-M., Lv, X.-Y., Yin, X.-P., Zhang, J.-Z., et al. Therefore, severe infections, which are induced by influenza virus, target the distal lung epithelial cells, inhibit the ENaC via activating protein kinase C (Kunzelmann et al., 2000), and damage the pulmonary surfactant (Hofer et al., 2015; Ito et al., 2015; Woods et al., 2015). The Role of Proteoglycans in Pulmonaryedema Development. By March 31st of 2021, a total of 128.54 million cases of severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) have been diagnosed globally, and a total of 2.81 million people have died from the disease (WHO, 2021). Who (2021). Chills and swollen lymph nodes can also occur. COVID-19: Long-term effects - Mayo Clinic COVID-19 Vaccine: A Comprehensive Status Report. Authors Mol. (2016). Pharmacol. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.025, Bartoszewski, R., Matalon, S., and Collawn, J. F. (2017). 46 (2), 208214. J. Cel Mol Med 24 (8), 47364747. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4-Mediated Disruption of the Alveolar Septal Barrier.